河北唐海湿地四种鹭的种群动态和繁殖空间生态位
Population Dynamics and Breeding Space Niche of Four Heron Species in Tanghai Wetlands
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摘要: 2004年8月—2005年7月对河北唐海湿地夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax)、白鹭(Egtetta garzetta)、池鹭(Ardeola bacchus)、大白鹭(Casmerodius albus)的种群动态和繁殖行为进行了观察，并对巢群关系进行了研究。统计了4种鹭垂直和水平巢位的巢密度，计算了不同种鹭巢的生态位重叠、生态位宽度值。结果：4种鹭在唐海数量最多月份为4—9月，最大量达到了近5 800只。共有Ⅰ、Ⅱ两个巢区，迁来Ⅱ区时间较Ⅰ区晚半个月左右。除池鹭外，3种鹭之间均有争巢现象，后期趋于稳定。迫于密度压力和竞争，部分白鹭和池鹭取食范围较广。除大白鹭外，其他3种鹭同种间均有混交现象。 在混巢区，夜鹭迁来最早，数量最大，为优势种，多数占据中心区的顶巢；大白鹭数量最少，亦占据中心区的顶巢；白鹭迁来较晚，占据中位巢；池鹭迁来最晚，数量较白鹭少，多数在边缘区单独筑巢，少数在中心区占下位巢。白鹭巢的垂直生态位最宽；夜鹭巢的水平生态位最宽；池鹭巢的综合空间生态位最宽。池鹭和夜鹭巢位的空间格局最为相似，池鹭和白鹭的生态位重叠较大。夜鹭的数量最多、大白鹭的个体最大，导致其处于优势；白鹭和池鹭数量少、个体小，导致其处于劣势。唐海湿地内丰富的食物和适宜的林带是鹭鸟密度较大的主要原因。此外，鹭类只筑巢在散布的、双行杨树林带均高为22 m以上区域，是该地鹭类巢区的主要特点。Abstract: The population dynamics and breeding behaviors of Black-crowned Night Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax), Egrets (Egtetta garzetta), Chinese Pond Herons (Ardeola bacchus) and Great Egrets (Casmerodius albus) were observed in Tanghai Wetlands, Hebei Province from August 2004 to July 2005. Further, we studied the relationship of nest space distribution and directly calculated the nest density of vertical and horizontal levels, the niche overlapping index and the niche breadth. The results showed that there were two breeding areas, named AreaⅠ and Area Ⅱ. The maximum population occurred in the period from April to September and was approximately 5800 individuals. Area Ⅰwas occupied earlier than Area Ⅱ by approximately half a month. In the breeding period, Black-crowned Night Herons were dominant in numbers and most occupied the upper nests of the core areas. Great Egrets also took the upper nests but they have the smallest population. Most Egrets took the middle nests of the edges of the area. Chinese Pond Herons, with a smaller population than the Egret, mostly nested in the edges, but some of them also took the lower nests of the core area. On the whole, the vertical niche of Egrets is the widest, the horizontal niche of Blackcrowned Night Herons is the widest and the niche breadth of Chinese Pond Herons is the largest. The nest distribution pattern is the most similar between Chinese Pond Herons and Black-crowned Night Herons, and the niche overlapping index of Chinese Pond Herons and Egrets is the largest. Black-crowned Night Herons and Great Egrets control Egrets and Chinese Pond Herons in competition. Rich food and the optimal ecological environments lead to plenty of herons in the wetlands. In addition, it is a distinguishing feature of the four species that nests are built in poplar trees over 22 m tall.
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