抗菌肽：对抗多药耐药之战的新希望

doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2019.062

Abstract

Abstract:

The discovery of antibiotics marked a golden age in the revolution of human medicine. However, decades later, bacterial infections remain a global healthcare threat, and a return to the pre-antibiotic era seems inevitable if stringent measures are not adopted to curb the rapid emergence and spread of multidrug resistance and the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. In hospital settings, multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens, including carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) bearing Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae are amongst the most problematic due to the paucity of treatment options, increased hospital stay, and exorbitant medical costs. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) provide an excellent potential strategy for combating these threats. Compared to empirical antibiotics, they show low tendency to select for resistance, rapid killing action, broad-spectrum activity, and extraordinary clinical efficacy against several MDR strains. Therefore, this review highlights multidrug resistance among nosocomial bacterial pathogens and its implications and reiterates the importance of AMPs as next-generation antibiotics for combating MDR superbugs.

Key words: Multidrug resistance, Nosocomial infections, Antimicrobial peptide, Antibiotic alternatives

James Mwangi, Xue Hao, Ren Lai, Zhi-Ye Zhang. Antimicrobial peptides: new hope in the war against multidrug resistance.2019.
Zoological Research, 40(6): 488-505.

Figures/Tables 4

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Table 1

Select antimicrobial peptides with potent activity against MDR pathogens"

Peptide	Sequence	Development phase	Description
Human LL-37	LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES		From human leucocytes, kills bacteria through pore formation and possesses immunomodulation activities.
SAAP-148 (de Breij et al., 2018)	LKRVWKRVFKLLKRYWRQLKKPVR	Preclinical	LL-37 derivative, shows potent bactericidal activity through membrane permeabilization and wound healing activity.
Cathelicidin-BF (Wang et al., 2008)	KFFRKLKKSVKKRAKEFFKKPRVIGVSIPF		Lysine-phenylalanine-rich peptide from snake venom. Shows potent efficacy against fungal and bacterial strains including MDR pathogens. Low hemolytic activity.
D-OH-CATH30 (Zhao et al., 2018)	KFFKKLKNSVKKRAKKFFKKPRVIGVSIPF	Preclinical	Cathelicidin from snake venom, rapidly kills MDR gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens, with low hemolytic activity and in vivo toxicity.
Indolicidin (Falla et al., 1996)	ILPWKWPWWPWRR	III	Isolated from bovine leucocytes, shows potent bactericidal activity through pore formation.
Omiganan (Melo & Castanho, 2007)	ILRWPWWPWRRK-NH₂	III	Indolicidin derivative, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, therapeutic agent against acne and catheter related infections.
Ci-MAM-A24 (Fedders et al., 2010)	WRSLGRTLLRLSHALKPLARRSGW-NH₂	Preclinical	Isolated from Ciona intestinalis, shows potent bactericidal activity against MRSA, VRE, and MDR P. aeruginosa through pore formation.
Pexiganan (Ge et al., 1999)	GIGKFLKKAKKFGKAFVKILKK-NH₂	III	Magainin analog, phase III clinical trials for treatment of bacterial infections and diabetic foot ulcers. Potent antimicrobial activity.
S-thanatin (Wu et al., 2011)	GSKKPVPIIYCNRRSGKCQRM	Preclinical	Thanatin derivative, shows improved antimicrobial activity with reduced hemolytic activity. Potently inhibits gram-negative growth in vitro and in vivo and alleviates sepsis in mice.
AA139 (van der Weide et al., 2019)	GFCWYVCARRNGARVCYRRCN	Preclinical	Analog of arenicin-3 with β-hairpin structure, exhibits potent microbicidal activity against MDR gram-negative pathogens, and excellent candidate for in vivo application.
SET-M33 (Van De Weide et al., 2019)	KKIRVRLSA)₄K₂KβΑ-ΟΗ	Preclinical	Synthetic tetra-branched peptide with potent microbicidal activity against MDR bacteria and in vivo therapeutic potential. Currently under development for treatment of sepsis and lung infections (Brunetti et al., 2016a).
EC-hepcidin3	APAKCTPYCYPTHDGVFCGVRCDFQ	Preclinical	Cysteine-rich peptide cloned from marine fish. Potent microbicidal activity against S. aureus and Pseudomonas spp.
Tachyplesin-1 (Ohta et al., 1992)	KWCFRVCYRG ICYRRCR	II	Cationic β-hairpin peptide from horseshoe crab. Potent microbicidal activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Use limited by high cytotoxicity.

Table 1

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[1]	Fen Zhang, Zhi-Lai Guo, Yan Chen, Li Li, Hai-Ning Yu, Yi-Peng Wang. Effects of C-terminal amidation and heptapeptide ring on the biological activities and advanced structure of amurin-9KY, a novel antimicrobial peptide identified from the brown frog, Rana kunyuensis [J]. Zoological Research, 2019, 40(3): 198-204.
[2]	Ruo-Han Qi, Yan Chen, Zhi-Lai Guo, Fen Zhang, Zheng Fang, Kai Huang, Hai-Ning Yu, Yi-Peng Wang. Identification and characterization of two novel cathelicidins from the frog Odorrana livida [J]. Zoological Research, 2019, 40(2): 94-101.
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[6]	ZHANG Yun^. Amphibian Skin Secretions and Bio-adaptive Significance —Implications from Bombina maxima* Skin Secretion Proteome [J]. Zoological Research, 2006, 27(1): 101-112.
[7]	AN Xian-hui,LV Yi,LI Wei-guo,LIANG Jian-guo,XU Chun-hua,ZHANG Chong-xing et al.. Antimicrobial Peptides Purified from Penus chinensis [J]. Zoological Research, 2005, 26(4): 410-415.

Antimicrobial peptides: new hope in the war against multidrug resistance

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